Fertilizer utilization

The utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in China is not high, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the current season is only 35%. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, China's fertilizer use increased by 61% from 1980 to 2002, while grain production only increased by 31%. Low fertilizer utilization rate has always been a problem in China's agricultural fertilization. Research by Lu Rukun et al. found that the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizers in China's farmland is only 10% to 25%. The low utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer not only causes serious waste of resources, but also causes a large amount of phosphorus to accumulate in the soil, resulting in farmland and environmental pollution. Therefore, improving the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer is of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture and environmental protection.
Fertilizers account for more than 25% of agricultural production costs (material costs plus labor costs), and about 50% of all material costs (seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, mechanical operations, irrigation and drainage, etc.) at a great price.
Farmers pay 140 billion yuan per year to purchase chemical fertilizers (calculated by the area of ​​arable land, the average annual purchase of chemical fertilizers per hectare is 1,005 yuan).
The state and local governments pay $3.5 billion in foreign exchange annually for imported fertilizers.
In order to increase the production capacity of chemical fertilizers nationwide, 16 billion yuan is invested every year.
The annual energy consumption for fertilizer production is 65.45 million tons of standard coal, accounting for 5% of the country's total energy production. The world chemical fertilizer market is generally in balance between supply and demand, with a slight surplus. However, the development of different regions is uneven. The areas with excess nitrogen fertilizer are the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, and the areas with deficit are Asia and Western Europe. Phosphate fertilizer production is concentrated in the resource-rich North America, the former Soviet Union, China and Africa, and the gap areas are Asia, Western Europe and Latin America. Potash fertilizers are concentrated in a few countries with resources such as Canada and the former Soviet Union. Asia has the largest fertilizer gap in the world, with a 10% gap in nitrogen fertilizer, a 30% gap in phosphate fertilizer, and a 90% gap in potash fertilizer.