The role of microbial inoculants in the harmless treatment of livestock and poultry manure (1)

He Suicheng, Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

my country is the largest developing country in the world with a large population. "Eat", "drinking water" and "dressing" are the top priorities. Therefore, priority must be given to the development of agriculture. A basic requirement of my country's national economy and society for agriculture is to use 6.8% of the world's arable land and 35% of the world's fertilizers to produce 20% of the world's food and feed 22% of the world's population. Large, but relatively small, the per capita resource occupancy is quite different from the world average. my country is also a big country in the production and use of chemical fertilizers. In 2018, the national fertilizer consumption reached 83.21 million tons, of which nitrogen fertilizer was the largest amount of 21.72 million tons. . According to my country's future population growth and the development trend of grain production, with reference to the level of chemical fertilizer consumption per unit area in developed countries, my country's demand for chemical fertilizers remains relatively stable.
The input of chemical fertilizer is so large, but the utilization rate is very low. The largest amount is nitrogen fertilizer, but the utilization rate of nitrogen is only 30-35%, phosphate fertilizer is only 20%-30%, and potash fertilizer is 30%-35%. Compared with developed countries, it is about 10 percentage points lower. After nitrogen fertilizer is applied to the soil, through nitrification and denitrification, ammonia volatilizes and gaseous nitrogen escapes, causing serious pollution to river waters, groundwater and atmosphere.
In recent years, the country has advocated the replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers. First, the action of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers has been carried out in crops such as fruit, vegetable tea, etc. to reduce the excessive application of chemical fertilizers. It can replace part of the application of chemical fertilizers, and can also improve soil, increase fertility, improve the quality of crop products, and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers. More importantly, it can reduce carbon emissions and achieve comprehensive effects such as carbon neutrality.
With the continuous improvement of the intensive production level of animal husbandry in my country, the scale of animal husbandry is increasing day by day. The number of poultry in the country increased five times in 2018 compared with 2012, reaching more than 8 billion, and pigs in 2018 increased by 3.2 times compared with 2012, reaching 441.691 million head; cattle increased 8 times to 132.058 million head. The annual excretion of chickens, pigs and cattle in my country is 2.062 billion tons. According to estimates, a pig farm with an annual feeding capacity of 10,000 pigs discharges 100 tons of ammonia and 30 tons of phosphorus into the environment. The annual emission of ammonia in pig manure is about 10 million tons, and phosphorus is about 2 million tons. If these excrement is not treated harmlessly, it will seriously pollute the surrounding environment and water sources.
With the adjustment of people's good food structure, there will be a greater development of animal husbandry in the future. With the increase in the number of livestock and poultry, the problem of manure disposal, especially for big cities, is very serious. Several large cities in Liaoning Province, such as Shenyang, Dalian and other places, have large scale of animal husbandry. A group in Dalian has more than 30 million chickens on hand, the supply of eggs accounts for more than 50% of the total supply of eggs in Dalian, and the daily excretion of feces is more than 500 tons. Emissions are as high as 800 tons or more. The number of livestock and poultry in Shenyang is three times that of Dalian, with 33 million chickens, 500,000 cattle, 600,000 pigs, 12 intensive chicken farms and 8 pig farms. There are 8 dairy bases, and the daily discharge of livestock and poultry manure is more than 2,000 tons. Such a large amount of livestock and poultry manure will pose a huge threat to the local ecological environment. If it is not handled properly in time, it will seriously pollute the environment. On the other hand, livestock manure is a misplaced fertilizer resource. If handled properly, it can turn harm into profit and waste into treasure.
my country is a large vegetable producing country. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of vegetable planting area in my country and the continuous increase of output, the vegetables supplied in the market are also faced with problems such as low quality, pesticide residues, and unsafe consumption. In particular, the problem that the content of nitrite and other substances in vegetables exceeds the standard is very common. The content of nitrates in vegetables in Shanghai, Guangzhou and other big cities exceeds the standard by 5-8 times. Consumers eat leeks and other vegetables and fruits, which lead to poisoning incidents from time to time. Therefore, to solve the quality problems in vegetable production, only by promoting pollution-free and green vegetable production can we optimize and improve vegetable quality, ensure the health of consumers, and protect the ecological environment. In recent years, the production area of ​​pollution-free and green vegetables in my country has increased rapidly, and the certified green vegetable products have increased year by year. It is certain that pollution-free and green vegetables will become the direction of vegetable production in the future. Since 2017, the Ministry of Agriculture has repeatedly requested organic fertilizers to replace chemical fertilizers. First, organic fertilizers will replace about 30% of chemical fertilizers on fruits, vegetables, and tea.
At present, the diet structure of people in some developed countries has gradually transitioned to a health care type. The United States and European countries are rapidly adjusting their diets, from meat-based foods to vegetarian meat-based foods. The role of vegetables in human health cannot be replaced by any other food. Therefore, the annual trade volume of vegetables in the world keeps increasing. my country is the country with the largest variety of vegetables and the largest planting area in the world. In addition, my country has superior natural conditions, abundant labor resources, and low vegetable production costs. The domestic vegetable price is only 1/5-1/8 of that of foreign countries. Competitiveness. However, there is still a big gap between my country's vegetables and the international market's requirements for high-grade and harmless vegetables. In order to solve this problem, we believe that in the planting process, pesticides with low toxicity and low residues should be used. In fertilization, organic fertilizers that have been fully fermented by microbial complex flora should be used with appropriate amounts of inorganic nutrients, or bio-organic and inorganic compounds should be used. mixed fertilizer. In this way, the crops can be fully absorbed and utilized without adverse effects. According to relevant data, my country's annual crop yield is reduced by more than 30% due to the application of unripened farmyard manure. In response to this situation, Liaoning Deshen Microorganism Co., Ltd. has developed a microbial inoculum for the production of bio-organic fertilizers in accordance with the quality requirements of green food, which is widely used in solanaceous vegetables. The results of measuring various indicators show that compared with inorganic fertilizers , Bio-organic compound fertilizer can improve the quality of solanaceous vegetables, the yield is not lower than that of inorganic fertilizer, and can meet the green food standard; the application of bio-organic fertilizer can also increase soil fertility, improve soil, and have high economic benefits. Farmers welcome.
(1) Development status and development trends at home and abroad:
At present, facing the increasingly serious environmental and resource problems at the same time, countries around the world will take large-scale and substantial actions on the basis of implementing sustainable development strategies, and the agriculture and food industry as the primary industry sector will be the key areas for action. . The U.S. government has recognized the latent, cumulative, and diffuse hazards caused by conventional agriculture that relies too much on modern commodity inputs to resources, the environment, food hygiene, and human health, such as soil compaction, groundwater pollution, and biodiversity reduction. EU countries have begun to impose stricter management on the use of chemical pesticides. For example, the Netherlands, as a country with a very developed animal husbandry, has also formulated strict requirements for the use of veterinary drugs. The Swedish government has made a decision to convert 10% of the arable land to ecological planting since 2000, in order to promote the development of ecological agriculture and ecological food in the country. The Australian federal government has proposed a sustainable national agriculture, forestry and fisheries strategy and launched a "clean food" plan, with the primary goal of capturing the Asian market. Not to be left behind, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has launched an "environmentally friendly agriculture" development plan.
In the planting process in my country, pesticides and chemical fertilizers are the key. The pesticides use low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides. In terms of fertilization, it is required to be mainly decomposed and decomposed by beneficial microbial flora. However, in my country, crops suffer more than 30% of the crop losses due to the application of unripe livestock and poultry manure, especially in the seedling stage. Therefore, it is necessary to use the fast decomposing bacteria to fully degrade and ferment the fermented livestock and poultry manure to prepare bio-organic fertilizers, fertilize the soil, and improve the soil, so that it can be directly absorbed and utilized by crops without adverse effects on the environment.
The growth of crops requires the supply of various nutrients, and the source of nutrients is mainly the application of various fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers play a major role in increasing crop production. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's statistics for many years, chemical fertilizers play a role in increasing crop yields by about 40%. It can be seen that in agricultural production, chemical fertilizers play a pivotal role. However, after the application of chemical fertilizers into the soil, the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers for the crops in the current season is low due to the constraints of the performance of the chemical fertilizers and the environmental conditions of the soil. Taking the nitrogen fertilizer with the largest amount as an example, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in my country is only 30% to 35%, which is about 10 percentage points lower than that of developed countries; the utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer in the season is only 20% to 30%; the utilization rate of potassium fertilizer in the season is 35%. ~40%. The low utilization rate of chemical fertilizers not only causes a large amount of waste of chemical fertilizers, but also brings adverse effects on the ecological environment. In the 1970s, a pure nutrient could increase the grain yield by 19.6 kg, but in the 1990s, a pure nutrient could only increase the grain yield by 11.4 kg. It can be seen that the application rate is not proportional to the yield increase. Practice has proved that when the input and output of agriculture are relatively low, it will directly affect the enthusiasm of farmers to increase fertilizer application. After calculation, when the ratio of the increased grain value to the cost of purchasing chemical fertilizers is VCR>2, the farmers' enthusiasm for increasing fertilizer application can be mobilized. my country's input-output ratio VCR≈2, so it is difficult to stimulate the enthusiasm of farmers to increase fertilizer application.
(2) The role of microbial inoculants in the harmless treatment of livestock and poultry manure
The necessity of harmless treatment of livestock and poultry manure:
1. Livestock and poultry manure contains a large amount of heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, chromium, arsenic, etc. These heavy metals are more harmful to the human body.
2. There are a large number of pathogenic bacteria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, type A H1N1, etc., Streptococcus suis, foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, etc. in livestock and poultry manure, which pose a great threat to the breeding industry .
3. The manure of livestock and poultry contains hippuric acid and allantoin. Without decomposition and transformation, these substances will cause the crops to burn seedlings. The national annual loss is 1.3 billion yuan.
4. The global consumption of antibiotic feed additives accounts for 45.8% of the consumption of antibiotics. Commonly used antibiotics are: fosfomycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, etc. Some of these drugs are absorbed and digested by animals, and the remaining 30% remain in livestock and poultry manure.
Hong Kong and other places import a large amount of livestock and poultry and other meat products from the mainland every year. They implement the EU testing standards and do not allow meat such as eggs and poultry containing antibiotics to enter Hong Kong.
The compound microbial inoculum plays an important role in the harmless treatment of livestock and poultry manure:
(1) Microbial agents can passivate heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure,
(2) Microbial agents can degrade uric acid and allantoin in livestock manure to avoid burning seedlings
(3) Microbial agents can produce high temperature to kill pathogenic bacteria in livestock and poultry manure.
(4) Microbial agents can degrade antibiotics in livestock manure.
(3) The main content and characteristics of the project
1. Main content:
The project is mainly based on livestock and poultry manure (mainly including: chicken manure, pig manure, cow manure, etc.), after the rapid decomposition bacteria are fully fermented and degraded harmlessly, and then appropriate amount of inorganic nutrients and humic acid nitrogen fertilizer synergists are added. And phosphorus and potassium chelating agents, etc., to achieve the scientific ratio of biological, organic and inorganic, to make pollution-free biological long-term organic fertilizer. Special-purpose bio-organic fertilizers for various crops can also be formulated according to the needs of the market.
2. Main process features:
(1) First, add straw, fungus bran and other auxiliary materials to the fresh livestock and poultry manure to reduce the moisture content of the material to less than 50%, then add the fast decomposing bacteria FM (1:500), mix well and then enter the solar greenhouse type fermentation workshop for fermentation , when the material temperature reaches 65 °C. Start flipping once. When the temperature of the material rises to above 60 °C again, it is turned over again, usually three times. When the material is loose and has no peculiar smell, it means that the fermentation process is over, and the material can be discharged, sent to the ripening workshop for ripening, and then pulverized and formulated into a bio-organic compound fertilizer.
(2) Fermentation is divided into three stages: heating stage, high temperature stage and cooling stage.
3. Main points of fermentation process:
(1) Measures to promote the fermentation of livestock and poultry manure
In order to promote the rapid fermentation of livestock and poultry manure, the rapid decomposing flora selected by our institute is added. When the fermentation is started, these microorganisms should be given energy to reproduce as soon as possible to promote the reproduction speed of the microorganisms, shorten the time to reach the high temperature stage, and accelerate the full degradation of the organic substances in the fermentation materials.
(2) Control the C/N in the fermentation material.
The fermentation process is a biochemical process that uses microorganisms to degrade livestock and poultry manure. In the metabolism of microorganisms and the synthesis of cellular substances, a large number of nutrients are required. Carbon is mainly used for energy for microbial activities, nitrogen is mainly used for the synthesis of cell protoplasm, and phosphorus is an important element in the composition of phosphoric acid and cell nucleus. The most important nutrient condition is the C/N of the fermentation material. Generally, the most suitable C/N of fermentation material is 25～35.
(3) Control the moisture in the material
In the fermentation process, the decomposition of livestock and poultry manure and the growth and reproduction of microorganisms are inseparable from water. Moisture is the key to successful fermentation. Excessive moisture, poor ventilation, is not conducive to fermentation. Too low moisture is not conducive to microbial activity. The suitable fermentation moisture of livestock and poultry manure is about 40-50%.
(4) Control the temperature during fermentation
Temperature is an important factor affecting microbial activity. During the fermentation process, the beneficial microorganisms decompose the organic matter in the livestock and poultry manure and release heat, so that the temperature of the material rises. The increase of temperature can speed up the fermentation speed, but the fermentation process is a biochemical process. When the temperature exceeds the limit temperature, the activity of microorganisms will be affected, and the fermentation speed will decrease instead. The optimum temperature in the high temperature stage is 55℃～65℃. Using mechanical turning is the best way to adjust temperature and supply oxygen.
(5) Enrichment of beneficial bacteria
In the process of fermenting and degrading livestock and poultry manure, on the one hand, various functional microorganisms degrade the organic matter in the fermented livestock and poultry manure; Beneficial microorganisms include silicate bacteria that transform phosphorus and potassium in the soil, and actinomycetes that can increase soil antagonism. These degraded organic matter is applied to the soil, which is more effective against a variety of soil-borne diseases. good control effect.
4. Scientific preparation:
Use fast decomposing bacteria to decompose pig manure, chicken manure, cow manure and other livestock and poultry manure into nutrients that can be directly used by crops. Adding inorganic nutrients and nitrogen fertilizer synergists and phosphorus and potassium chelating agents in an appropriate amount, the fertilizer has the effect of slow-release and long-term effect. This cooperation significantly improves the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and reduces the pollution of chemical fertilizers to the environment; it meets the national requirements for carbon neutrality and carbon emissions, increases crop yields, improves crop quality, and achieves increased agricultural production and income.